Final answer:
Restraint can induce a stress response, leading to increased heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure due to the release of stress hormones, raising the body's oxygen supply and blood flow to counter the restraint.
Step-by-step explanation:
The physiological effects of restraint include an increased heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood pressure. When the body experiences physical restraint, it can trigger a stress response. This stress response involves the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, initiating physiological changes to prepare the body for a 'fight or flight' reaction. An increased heart rate and respiration are part of this reaction to enhance oxygen supply to vital organs and muscles. Additionally, an increase in certain hormones like T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland can elevate the metabolic rate, contributing to higher body temperature and blood pressure. Effects such as increased minute respiration and an increased blood volume reflect the body's effort to improve oxygen delivery and maintain adequate blood flow despite the restraint.