Final answer:
The treatment for acute dystonia and parkinsonism associated with antipsychotic extrapyramidal effects involves botulinum toxin injections for dystonia and L-DOPA treatment for parkinsonism. Researchers have also explored NMDA receptor antagonists to treat both conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The treatment for acute dystonia and parkinsonism associated with antipsychotic extrapyramidal effects can involve various approaches.
- For acute dystonia, botulinum toxin injections have been found to significantly improve excessive muscle contractions and associated pain.
- For parkinsonism, the most common treatment is providing the amino acid L-DOPA, which is a precursor to dopamine and can increase dopamine levels in the striatum. However, over time, patients may become less responsive to L-DOPA and experience increased dopamine levels elsewhere in the brain, which can be associated with psychosis or schizophrenia.
- Researchers have also explored different drug compounds, such as NMDA receptor antagonists specifically targeting the NR2B subunit, to treat both parkinsonism and dyskinetic symptoms.