Question

In the cyclic pathway ______ pass through the electron transfer chain. The energy released from this pumps __________ into the thylakoid compartment, and then they power the formation of _________ as they flow back out of the thylakoid compartment _________ provides the energy needed to keep this cycle going.

Answer 1

In the cyclic pathway, electrons pass through the electron transfer chain, using energy to pump hydrogen ions and generate ATP via ATP synthase. Photosystem II energizes the cycle, and the process culminates in powering the Calvin cycle for glucose production.

Step-by-step explanation:

In the cyclic pathway, electrons pass through the electron transfer chain. The energy released from this pumps hydrogen ions into the thylakoid compartment, and then they power the formation of ATP as they flow back out of the thylakoid compartment through ATP synthase. Photosystem II provides the energy needed to keep this cycle going by absorbing photons and exciting electrons, which are then transferred to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS II to PS I. This process, which includes pumping protons to create a gradient that drives ATP synthesis and then using the electrons to form NADPH, is essential for powering the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.