Question

Shown to harbour mutations affecting almost all aspects of the cell cycle regulation

Answer 1

Proto-oncogenes are positive cell-cycle regulators that can cause cancer when mutated.

Step-by-step explanation:

In biology, positive cell-cycle regulators that can cause cancer when mutated are called proto-oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that, when mutated in certain ways, become oncogenes, genes that cause a cell to become cancerous.

Proto-oncogenes code for the positive cell-cycle regulators, and when mutated, these genes can lead to an increase in the rate of cell cycle progression. For example, a mutation that allows the activation of Cdk (cyclin-dependent kinase) can result in the cell cycle progressing past a checkpoint before all required conditions are met.

This alteration of the cell cycle can lead to the accumulation of more mutations in subsequent generations of cells, further affecting the regulation of the cell cycle.