Federal powers refer to the powers and responsibilities granted to the central or national government. In a federal system, such as the United States, the federal government has authority over matters that affect the entire country, such as defense, foreign policy, and interstate commerce.
The separation of powers is a fundamental principle in many democratic systems, including the United States. It refers to the division of government powers among three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Each branch has its own distinct powers and responsibilities to prevent the concentration of power in one entity.