Answer:
Between the 2nd century CE and the 12th century CE, the Kingdom of Ghana, located in present-day West Africa, made significant advancements in various fields. While it is important to note that inventions and technological developments during this time were not exclusive to Ghana, there were notable achievements in the region.
Step-by-step explanation:
Here are some examples:
1. Mining and Metallurgy: Ghana was known for its gold mines, and the kingdom developed advanced mining techniques to extract and process gold. They used gold for trade and to create intricate jewelry and artifacts. Ghana's expertise in metallurgy also allowed them to produce iron tools and weapons, which improved agricultural practices and military capabilities.
2. Trading Networks: Ghana was strategically located along the trans-Saharan trade routes, facilitating trade between North Africa, Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa. The kingdom developed extensive trading networks, exporting gold, salt, ivory, and other valuable goods. This helped to establish Ghana as a prosperous and influential trading power in the region.
3. Governance and Administration: The Kingdom of Ghana had a well-structured political system. The king, known as the "Ghana," held significant power and was advised by a council of officials. The kingdom had a system of taxation and a sophisticated administration to manage the affairs of the state and ensure stability.
4. Urban Planning and Architecture: The capital city of Ghana, known as Kumbi Saleh, was a major center of trade and culture. The city was divided into two parts, one for trade and the other for residential purposes. Kumbi Saleh was known for its impressive mud-brick architecture, including houses, mosques, and other structures.
5. Oral Tradition and Storytelling: While not a physical invention, Ghana's rich oral tradition played a vital role in preserving and passing down knowledge, history, and cultural values. Griots, who were storytellers and musicians, played a significant role in Ghanaian society, keeping alive the kingdom's history and traditions through their storytelling and performances.
It is important to note that specific inventions during this time period may not be attributed solely to Ghana, as advancements and innovations often spread across regions and were influenced by various cultures. Nonetheless, Ghana's contributions to mining, trade, governance, architecture, and oral tradition made it a significant civilization during this era.