Final answer:
Modern presidents have used their authority to manage the bureaucracy through appointment of heads and direct oversight.
Step-by-step explanation:
Modern presidents have used their authority to manage their responsibilities and the massive bureaucracy in various ways. Two examples include:
- Appointment of Heads of Cabinet Departments and Independent Executive Agencies: The president has the power to appoint the heads of cabinet departments and many independent executive agencies, such as the CIA and the EPA. These appointments go through Senate confirmation. By appointing individuals who align with their goals and priorities, presidents can effectively manage the bureaucracy.
- Direct Oversight and Control: The president, along with Congress, exercises direct oversight over the bureaucracy through a number of means. This includes holding hearings, making appointments, setting budget allowances, and using tools like the Freedom of Information Act. Through these mechanisms, presidents can manage and guide the bureaucracy in accordance with their vision and policies.