The correct answers are A) Mountain and D) Valley. Glacial movements play a significant role in shaping the Earth's surface, particularly in regions where glaciers are present. Glacial processes, known as glaciation, result in the formation of distinctive landforms, and mountains and valleys are two prominent examples.
A) Mountain Formation:
Glacial mountains, also known as glaciated mountains or simply glacially-carved mountains, are created through a combination of erosion and deposition. As a glacier moves downhill, it acts like a giant bulldozer, plucking and grinding rocks along its path. The immense pressure exerted by the glacier results in the carving of deep, U-shaped valleys. Additionally, as the glacier retreats, it leaves behind moraines—deposits of rocks and debris. Over time, these processes lead to the formation of towering glacially-carved mountains.
D) Valley Formation:
Valleys formed by glaciers are typically U-shaped and are carved through a process called glacial erosion. As a glacier flows, it erodes the surrounding rock, creating a broad and deep U-shaped valley. The process involves the glacier acting as a powerful agent, carrying and transporting rocks and debris, which further contributes to the excavation of the valley floor. The distinctive U-shape of glacial valleys is a result of the unique erosional patterns of glaciers.
B and C are not directly formed by glacial processes. Lakes are more associated with the melting of glaciers and the pooling of water in glacially-carved depressions, but the primary formative processes are not glacial. Oceans, on the other hand, are large bodies of saltwater and are not formed by glacial activity.