Final answer:
The statement that best captures the essence of 'Crime and Punishment' by Fyodor Dostoevsky in relation to the provided material is 'the psychological effects of guilt', as the novel focuses on the mental consequences of the protagonist's criminal actions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The best gist statement for the provided text from 'Crime and Punishment' by Fyodor Dostoevsky, given the reference material, would be the psychological effects of guilt. Dostoevsky's classic explores the inner turmoil and mental anguish the protagonist, Raskolnikov, experiences after committing a crime. The reference materials talk about the rationalization of crime, the social and moral impacts of the legal system, and the balance of public good with individual actions, all of which play into the personal psychology of guilt in 'Crime and Punishment'.
Émile Durkheim's framework of the collective conscience and its impact on societal laws, and the cost-benefit analysis noted in the economic approach to crime, both connect to the novel's exploration of the protagonist’s personal struggle with his actions and the resulting isolation from society's moral codes. The questioning of moral standards, the elasticity of ethics in situations, and the cost to society are interrelated themes addressed by both the source material and Dostoevsky's novel.