Final answer:
Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, which are photoautotrophs, transfer carbon from the environment to the biosphere through photosynthesis. Chemoautotrophic bacteria also contribute by using energy from chemical compounds. Animals and fungi are heterotrophs and do not perform this transfer.
Step-by-step explanation:
The organisms that transfer carbon from the environment to the biosphere are primarily those capable of photosynthesis, as well as certain types of bacteria. These organisms include plants, algae, and a specific group of bacteria known as cyanobacteria. These are considered photoautotrophs, which means they use light energy to manufacture their own food. Another unique group of organisms that contribute to transferring carbon are chemoautotrophs, which are certain bacteria that synthesize sugars by extracting energy from inorganic chemical compounds rather than from sunlight.
While animals and fungi also play roles in the carbon cycle, they do not transfer carbon from the environment to the biosphere in the same way as photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs; instead, they are categorized as heterotrophs, relying on the organic compounds produced by autotrophs.