Final answer:
The 19th century economic obstacles included overproduction leading to market saturation, financial crises, social stratification with the rise of the middle class and increasing poverty, and the decline of traditional nobility's influence due to the rise of commercial and industrial wealth.
Step-by-step explanation:
The obstacles to economic exchange and growth that were viewed as hindrances by the new commercial classes during the 19th century were multifaceted. In the transition from a system based on social relationships and home production to factory production and market transactions, certain conditions such as overproduction, economic crises, and stratified social classes emerged as significant challenges. The overproduction of goods led to market saturation, resulting in price drops and economic instability. This, in turn, caused financial crises, such as those in 1873-1878, 1882-1885, and 1893-1897, which led to periods of high unemployment and social unrest.
Besides economic factors, the emergence of a new middle class and the increasing impoverishment of segments of the population divided the society, limiting full participation in the new market-driven economy. Additionally, the nobility faced the dilution of their influence as the industrial and commercial sectors grew, sidelining traditional land-based wealth.