Final answer:
Independence leaders in Latin America include Simón Bolívar for the northern areas including Venezuela and Bolivia, Bernardo O'Higgins for Chile, Dom Pedro for Brazil, and José María Morelos for Mexico.
Step-by-step explanation:
To match each country with the leader of its independence movement, we need to identify the figures associated with the respective liberation campaigns:
- Simón Bolívar - Known as 'The Liberator', Bolívar played a key role in Latin America's fight for independence from Spanish rule, particularly in the northern areas of the continent. His efforts led to the independence of several countries, starting with his birthplace, Venezuela, and including what is now Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, the latter of which was named after him.
- Bernardo O'Higgins - He was instrumental in Chile's struggle for independence from Spain. Alongside José de San Martín, O'Higgins led troops through the Andes to free Chile, which they accomplished by 1819.
- Dom Pedro - As the prince of Portugal, Dom Pedro declared Brazil independent from Portugal in 1822, becoming Brazil's first emperor.
- José María Morelos - He was a priest and revolutionary leader who fought for Mexico's independence after the early efforts of Miguel Hidalgo. Morelos helped to organize and lead the Mexican War of Independence until his capture and execution in 1815.
Led by educated creoles like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, the independence movements in Latin America overcame significant challenges, including geographic barriers, regional isolation, and lack of external support to achieve freedom from colonial rule.