Final answer:
Difficulty understanding that another person's mental state differs from one's own is related to cognitive empathy and theory-of-mind, which typically develops in early childhood and matures during adolescence.
Step-by-step explanation:
Difficulty understanding that another's state of mind differs from their own is most closely associated with cognitive empathy or theory-of-mind. Theory-of-mind refers to the ability to recognize and understand that others have their own thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that differ from one's own. This cognitive ability generally begins to develop in children between 3 and 5 years old. It is crucial for social problem solving and conflict avoidance.
Individuals with an underdeveloped theory-of-mind may struggle to appreciate that their perspective is not shared by everyone. This difficulty can manifest in various social interactions, from failing to understand why someone has a different opinion to being unable to predict or explain others' behaviors effectively. Developing cognitive empathy is significant and often matures during adolescence. Enhanced by supportive environments, such as having fathers with whom teens can discuss concerns, it fosters the ability to take on another's perspective.