Final answer:
In the early 1900s, the civil rights movement was launched by a collective of leaders and organizations, including the NAACP, rather than a single individual. Susan B. Anthony is the closest related figure among the options, known for her work in the women's suffrage movement that intersected with civil rights.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the early 1900s, it was not one single individual who launched the civil rights movement, but rather a collective group of leaders and organizations that began to push for civil rights. Notably, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909 by activists including W. E. B. DuBois and Ida B. Wells to address racial discrimination and inequality. However, if we must choose one name among the provided options who was prominent during the earlier stages of the movement, the closest would be Susan B. Anthony. Although better known for her role in the women's suffrage movement, Anthony's work also intersected with broader civil rights issues. The other listed individuals such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X became prominent figures later, particularly during the 1950s and 1960s. The movement was a widespread effort with many contributing figures, leading to major legislative milestones such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968.