Final answer:
Humans have a sense of taste that can detect five primary flavors: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Umami represents a savory taste, attributed to the presence of amino acids such as L-glutamate, and current research hints at a sixth taste for fats. Taste receptors are specialized for each flavor, aiding in survival by guiding dietary choices.
Step-by-step explanation:
The sense of taste, also known as gustation, allows humans to perceive different flavors through the detection of molecules from the environment. Historically, only four basic tastes were recognized: sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.
However, research has uncovered additional tastes. The fifth taste, known as umami, is described as a savory or meaty flavor and is found in high-protein foods such as fish, meat, mushrooms, and certain vegetables. Furthermore, there is emerging evidence of a sixth taste for fats, or lipids, which suggests a more complex sensory system than previously thought.
Taste receptors are designed to only respond to one type of taste, sending signals to the brain when they detect their specific stimulus. This sensory system is vital for our survival, allowing us to experience the pleasure of eating, detect spoiled food, and recognize energy-rich nutrients.