Final answer:
The fallacy in the question is that personal observation is required to confirm the gradual process of evolution, which is a common misunderstanding. Evolution occurs over many generations and involves a myriad of complex processes that are supported by extensive scientific evidence, not just personal observation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement 'Species evolve over time, but I have never seen any animals evolving' is based on a misunderstanding of how evolution works. Evolution by natural selection is not something generally observed within a human's lifetime; it occurs over many generations. The lack of personal observation does not refute the overwhelming scientific evidence supporting evolution. The fallacy of relevance in the statement implies that personal experience is necessary to validate a scientific concept, which is not how scientific inquiry or validation operates.
Furthermore, declaring extinct species as evolutionary failures is a misconception. Extinction does not necessarily indicate failure; rather, it often reflects changes in the environment that outpace a species' ability to adapt. For example, many successful species have gone extinct after thriving for millions of years due to sudden environmental shifts. The process of evolution is evidenced by the fossil record, genetic data, and the observation of microevolutionary changes in species over shorter timescales.
Company examples of convergent evolution, where different species develop similar traits due to similar environments, further support the principle of natural selection. The arctic fox and ptarmigan both have temporary white coverings during winter for camouflage, despite not being closely related—a demonstration of adaptation to environmental pressures. Additionally, the strong consensus among biologists regarding evolutionary theory further solidifies its validity within the scientific community.