Final answer:
The trait that would not be considered a material benefit is c. long tail feathers, as it does not directly provide resources needed for survival or reproduction like the other options do.
Step-by-step explanation:
The trait among the options that would NOT be considered a material benefit is c. long tail feathers. Material benefits are resources or advantages that increase the likelihood of survival or reproduction, such as quality nesting sites, the ability to defend territory, or territory with abundant food. While long tail feathers may play a role in courtship and attracting mates, they do not provide a direct resource for survival or reproduction. In fact, longer tail feathers can be a handicap as they may attract predators and hamper the animal's ability to escape from danger.
Some species, such as peacocks, have developed long tail feathers according to the handicap principle, which serves as a signal of fitness despite its disadvantages. However, from a strictly material standpoint, a trait like long beautiful feathers does not offer a direct survivor or reproductive advantage like food or shelter does.
Defending territory with enough food for offspring, as noted, is a clear material benefit as it directly relates to an animal's ability to survive and ensure the survival and growth of its progeny.