Final answer:
Artificial selection does not always produce phenotypes with higher fitness since it's based on human preferences, which may not align with natural survival and reproduction advantages. Thus the option b-false is correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement 'Artificial selection always produces phenotypes that have higher fitness' is False. While both artificial selection and natural selection involve the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits, the fitness in artificial selection is defined by human objectives rather than survival and reproduction in a natural environment. In artificial selection, traits chosen by humans may not always result in a higher survival fitness in the wild but are targeted towards specific desired qualities, such as higher milk production in cows or specific physical characteristics in dogs.