Final answer:
The Taliban, al-Qaeda, and the Mujahideen are key fundamentalist opposition movements in Afghanistan and parts of the Middle East, with the Taliban having ruled Afghanistan during 1996-2001 and al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden.
Step-by-step explanation:
Opposition movements in Afghanistan and elsewhere in the Middle East inspired by religious fundamentalism include various groups, with the most prominent being the Taliban, al-Qaeda, and the Mujahideen. The Taliban are a fundamentalist Muslim group that came to power in Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 after the withdrawal of the Soviet Union, largely consisting of Pashtun students from Islamic religious schools in Pakistan. Al-Qaeda, an Islamic terrorist organization led by Osama bin Laden, emerged after the end of the Soviet-Afghan war, repurposed into an anti-Western resistance group. The Mujahideen refers to Islamic guerilla warriors who battled against the Soviet Union's invasion and were supported by the United States under the Reagan Doctrine.