Final answer:
Outsourcing is identified as the most widespread approach to international involvement in China and India, driving their economic growth and global market integration.
Step-by-step explanation:
The most widespread approach to international involvement in China and India is d. Outsourcing. As multinational corporations seek the lowest cost options for production, they have increasingly moved their manufacturing and service facilities to countries like China and India, where labor and production costs are lower. This trend has been crucial to China's emergence as an economic powerhouse, especially since the economic reforms begun under Deng Xiaoping in the 1970s.
The country's incorporation into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 and the subsequent growth of its economy have been significantly fueled by outsourcing by foreign companies. This practice aligns with the strategies of both China and India to create policies that support the construction of factories and production facilities, leveraging their abundant and inexpensive human capital, to engage more effectively in global markets.