Final answer:
Outsourcing is the most widespread approach to international involvement in China and India. It has led to significant economic growth in these countries due to lower production costs and has been prevalent in many industries, including clothing manufacturing.
Step-by-step explanation:
The most widespread approach to international involvement in China and India is d. Outsourcing. Multinational corporations have been seeking the lowest cost of production and, as a result, have moved many of their factories and jobs to countries like China and India. This trend can be traced back to when China opened its economy to the world under Deng Xiaoping in the 1970s, allowing for market forces to play a greater role. This economic strategy permitted the construction of numerous factories that capitalized on the abundant and inexpensive labor force. Outsourcing has been instrumental for the rapid growth of economies, leading to China’s emergence as an economic powerhouse and, subsequently, to India's economic growth as well. As a testament to its widespread impact, outsourcing has affected various industries including the clothing sector where many U.S. companies relocated their manufacturing to China to reduce costs.