Final answer:
The golden rule aligns with the moral-justice approach or virtue ethics, which emphasizes equal and ethical treatment of others, contrasting with utilitarianism's focus on outcomes and the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
Step-by-step explanation:
The golden rule "do unto others as they would do unto you" is representative of ethical behavior and moral philosophy, but within the choices provided, it most closely aligns with a form of deontological ethics, rather than utilitarianism. This rule suggests that one should treat others as one would like to be treated themselves, which is more akin to the moral-justice approach or virtue ethics, rather than utilitarianism that seeks the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
Utilitarianism is more concerned with the consequences of actions and choosing actions that yield the greatest benefit to the most people. The golden rule, by contrast, is more about a universal standard for behavior that applies to all and is intended to promote equitable treatment, irrespective of the consequences. Therefore, the option that best fits the concept of the golden rule is (b) representative of the moral-justice approach to moral decision making.