Final answer:
John Dewey believes the central aim of democracy is to create an informed citizenry that actively contributes to societal progress, with education being the fundamental tool for achieving this goal.
Step-by-step explanation:
John Dewey, an American philosopher and educational reformer, believed that the central aim of democracy is to create an informed citizenry capable of participating in societal progress. In his view, education plays a pivotal role in achieving this democratic aim by equipping individuals with the ability to think critically and engage in communicative action, as theorized by Habermas. Dewey's perspective emphasizes that democracy thrives on active participation from its citizens who are well-informed and capable of constructive dialogue for the common good.
In essence, the central aim of democracy according to Dewey, is not just about allowing individuals to vote or express themselves freely but involves the deeper process of crafting an educated society that can sustain and enhance democratic life. This aligns with the ideas of Richard Arneson who champions the instrumental defense of democracy, suggesting that democracy's moral legitimacy is validated by its ability to produce superior outcomes for people. Moreover, Amartya Sen's arguments about democracies being wealthier and more responsive to the needs of the population due to electoral mechanisms also support this goal of informed citizen participation in shaping government policy.