Final answer:
Psychological Egoism (PE) faces objections related to confusion of desires and motivation, the existence of altruistic actions, and the presence of counterexamples.
Step-by-step explanation:
Problems with Psychological Egoism (PE)
- Objection 1: Confusion of desires and motivation: Psychological egoism asserts that humans are always motivated by self-interest. However, this theory fails to recognize that individuals may act contrary to their desires and best interests. People often engage in behaviors that are detrimental to their well-being.
- Objection 2: Altruistic actions: Psychological egoism assumes that acts of altruism are ultimately driven by personal benefits. Yet, individuals often choose to help others without expecting any personal gain, such as donating money to charity instead of buying personal items like a new CD.
- Objection 3: Counterexamples: To prove the truth of psychological egoism, it must be shown that people always act to promote their own interests. Finding just one counterexample undermines this theory.