Final answer:
Hyperpolarization occurs when a neuron's membrane potential becomes more negative due to K+ ions exiting the cell through voltage-gated channels after an action potential. This mechanism enforces a refractory period and prepares the neuron for subsequent signaling.
Step-by-step explanation:
Neuron Membrane Hyperpolarization
Hyperpolarization of a neuron's membrane occurs when the membrane potential becomes more negative than the normal resting potential. This commonly happens when the voltage-gated K+ channels open after an action potential peak, allowing K+ ions to exit the cell. The increased efflux of K+ ions leads to a higher negative charge inside the neuron, compared to the outside, causing the membrane to become hyperpolarized.
The process ensures a proper refractory period, during which the neuron is less sensitive to new stimuli and unable to fire another action potential. This reset mechanism is crucial for the neuron to return to its resting state and be prepared for the next action potential.