Final answer:
Respiratory compensation for changes in pH is originated by central and peripheral chemoreceptors stimulating the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata to regulate the activity of the diaphragm and thus the respiratory rate.
Step-by-step explanation:
Respiratory compensation for changes in pH is primarily controlled by central and peripheral chemoreceptors that monitor the levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen ions in the blood. These chemoreceptors are found in the walls of the aortic arch and carotid arteries (peripheral chemoreceptors), and within the brain itself (central chemoreceptors). A rise in carbon dioxide or hydrogen ion concentration leads to a decrease in pH, signaling the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata to increase the respiratory rate through actions on the diaphragm, facilitating the removal of excess carbon dioxide and thus helping to restore systemic pH to normal levels.
Changes in pH that need to be compensated by the respiratory system are detected by peripheral chemoreceptors. These chemoreceptors are located in the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries and sense the levels of hydrogen ions in the blood. When they detect decreasing, or more acidic, pH levels, they stimulate an increase in ventilation to remove carbon dioxide from the blood at a quicker rate, which helps to reduce hydrogen ions and increase systemic pH.