Final answer:
Deterministic behaviors in psychoanalysis are seen as being entirely driven by unconscious forces, while pessimistic behaviors reflect a negative outlook on human rationality and potential. Freud's psychoanalysis was deterministic, suggesting the unconscious mind determines behavior, in opposition to this, humanistic psychologists emphasized personal control and positivity. Behavioral economics has further contributed to understanding behaviors signaling possible deeper underlying reasons for apparently irrational actions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Briefly describe the differences between deterministic and pessimistic behaviors as was proposed in psychoanalysis: In psychoanalytic theory, deterministic behaviors refer to actions that are believed to be driven entirely by the unconscious mind, without free will. This view, largely rooted in Freudian psychoanalysis, suggests that our behaviors are predetermined by unconscious forces, which can include inherent drives such as eros (the Pleasure Principle) and thanatos (the Death Drive). In contrast, pessimistic behaviors in a psychoanalytic context often refer to the negative outlook on the potential of education and rational politics to create a perfect society, as Freud posited that human nature is not completely rational and is prone to self-destruction.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggests that the unconscious mind plays a critical role in determining conscious behavior, which can manifest in various psychological pathologies. Freud utilized dream analysis, slips of the tongue, and free association to access the unconscious mind. Moreover, humanistic psychologists such as Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers emerged in response to Freud's deterministic and pessimistic perspectives, promoting a viewpoint that emphasizes personal control, intentionality, and an innate predisposition for good in shaping our self-concept and behavior.
Both deterministic and pessimistic viewpoints have influenced the field of psychology, yet there is ongoing debate about the validity and utility of these perspectives. Behavioral economists, for instance, have provided insights into behaviors that were once dismissed as irrational, suggesting that there may be deeper underlying reasons for such behaviors.