Final answer:
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces federal laws that prevent discrimination in employment, including criteria for employee testing. Pre-employment drug tests, random drug tests, and random alcohol tests must be conducted in a non-discriminatory manner.
Step-by-step explanation:
The subject of this question is Law. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is responsible for enforcing federal laws that prohibit discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation, national origin, age (40 or older), disability, or genetic information. These laws apply to various aspects of employment, including the hiring process.
In the context of the question, options (a), (b), (c), and (e) represent different types of employee testing that could potentially be considered discriminatory if not conducted fairly and legally. Pre-employment drug tests, random drug tests, and random alcohol tests may be conducted in certain jobs, but they should not discriminate based on any of the protected factors mentioned above.
By implementing testing policies in a non-discriminatory way, employers can ensure a safe and healthy work environment without violating any legal protections.