Final answer:
Reproductive isolation that results in offspring infertility due to incorrect chromosome number from nondisjunction during meiosis is typically caused by aneuploidy, which can lead to disorders and infertility.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of reproductive isolation where offspring are infertile due to mismatched chromosomes during meiosis, often because they inherited a different number of chromosomes from each parent, is related to nondisjunction. Nondisjunction occurs when there is a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or sister chromatids during meiosis II. This leads to the production of gametes that have an abnormal number of chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. When these gametes are involved in fertilization, the resulting zygote may have too many or too few chromosomes, causing disorders such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome, and often leading to infertility in the offspring due to improper chromosome alignment during their own meiosis.
As a consequence of this error, offspring can have abnormal chromosome numbers, leading to infertility or non-viability. For example, Down syndrome is a result of an extra copy of chromosome 21, which is caused by chromosomal nondisjunction.
Chromosomal nondisjunction is a major source of genetic disorders and can have significant phenotypic effects. Diagnostic testing can identify many of these disorders before birth, raising medical, ethical, and civic issues.