Final answer:
Practice effects and carryover effects are examples of order effects, which can influence experimental outcomes and need to be controlled to determine causality between variables.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding Practice and Carryover Effects
Practice effects and carryover effects are examples of order effects. These effects occur when the order in which participants receive treatments in an experiment influences the results. Practice effects refer to improvements in performance resulting from the repetition of a task, while carryover effects involve the influence that the sequence of treatments has on participants' responses in subsequent treatments.
Experiments and Causality
To determine causality, experiments are conducted, and they often include random assignment to control for lurking variables. These variables could otherwise influence the outcome and obscure the effects of the independent variable under investigation. By such rigorous control and by making sure that any measured differences in outcomes are attributable to the independent variable, researchers can assert a cause-and-effect relationship from their findings.