Final answer:
In the theory-data cycle, theories lead to research by generating specific, testable hypotheses, which in turn guide researchers in formulating questions that lead to data collection.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to research. This is because theories serve as the foundation for generating specific, testable hypotheses. Researchers use theories to formulate questions that guide their investigations. Once a theory leads to a question, researchers then design experiments or observational studies to collect data that either support or refute the theory in question. This is a cyclical process because the data collected can lead to refinements of the original theory or the formulation of new theories, and this in turn prompts further questions and research.
Considering the presented options, after establishing theories, researchers will essentially ask questions that aim to test those theories. Consequently, this can lead to data collection through various research methods, including controlled experiments or observational studies. Once data are collected and analyzed, they may either support or challenge the initial theory, guiding researchers to either accept, reject, or modify the theoretical framework they are working within.