Final answer:
The question addresses the evolution and organization of medicine, particularly in relation to African American healthcare professionals, unionization, advancement in medical training, and the centralization of healthcare around hospitals.
Step-by-step explanation:
The subject of the question pertains to the historical evolution of organized medicine within the United States, particularly looking at how it has developed among African American medical professionals. From the creation of the National Medical Association (NMA) and the National Hospital Association to address professionalization and standards to the exclusionary practices of the American Medical Association (AMA) and subsequent response of African American medical practitioners, there has been a significant history of organizing, unionization, standardization, and technological advancement in the medical field. These efforts also intersected with civil rights movements, like the battle against the segregation of hospitals and the push for health equality.
Unionization of physicians and nurses, as part of organized medicine, has been a response to the need for better wages, working conditions, and benefits. Concerted activities of physicians through the American Medical Association and counterpart organizations represented collective efforts to influence medical practices and patient care. Similarly, the field has undergone massive changes with medical training adapting owing to scientific and technological advances, leading to an organization of medical services that increasingly revolved around a hospital as the central core of service delivery, complemented by the surge in healthcare providers consolidation during the 1990s, and growing specialization in the medical profession.