Final answer:
Emile Durkheim's concept of mechanical solidarity describes the social cohesion in preindustrial societies based on shared morals and values, while organic solidarity refers to the interdependent cohesion of modern industrial societies with specialized division of labor.
Step-by-step explanation:
Émile Durkheim's concept of mechanical solidarity refers to the social cohesion and integration found in preindustrial societies, where this solidarity comes from the homogeneity of individuals. These societies are characterized by a strong collective conscience and shared morals and values due to a low division of labor and strong kinship bonds. Everyone tends to think and act alike because they share similar work, educational and religious training, and lifestyle.
In contrast, Durkheim discussed the emergence of organic solidarity in industrial societies, which is based on the acceptance of economic and social differences. This form of solidarity results from the high specialization of labor, leading to mutual interdependence among people who perform various functions within society. Laws become more focused on restitution rather than revenge, allowing people with different values to coexist.
Thus, Durkheim's concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity help explain the different types of social order and cohesion that exist across societies, from traditional to modern industrial contexts, and how societal changes can impact social structures and individual behaviors.