Final answer:
Labeling theory in sociology focuses on how societal labels, rather than individual acts, define criminality. It differentiates between primary and secondary deviance, with the latter involving the internalization of a deviant label. Power structures and media significantly influence these labels and their effects on individuals and society.
Step-by-step explanation:
Labeling theory in sociology suggests that it's not the act or the person committing it that's inherently criminal, but rather the labels afforded by society that define one's acts or identity as criminal. This concept emphasizes the power of societal reaction in shaping a person's self-concept and behavior. Sociologist Edwin Lemert differentiated between primary deviance, which does not change an individual's self-perception or societal status, and secondary deviance, which occurs when a person internalizes the societal label, influencing their self-identity and potentially leading to further deviance.
Regarding a convicted sexual offender being arrested again shortly after being paroled, labeling theory would explain this through the offender adopting a new master status due to the label of 'deviant' placed upon them by society. Their actions are understood not just as individual failings but as a consequence of society's reactions and the internalization of these criminal labels. The role of power structures in society is highlighted by the theory's critique of how the privileged can maneuver social perceptions and avoid severe consequences for their actions.
Moreover, labeling theory also points out how powerful entities, such as the media, have the ability to set agendas and create perceptions, irrespective of the objective reality of crime statistics. This can have a significant impact on varying demographics and the societal response to crime.
In the context of schooling, labeling can profoundly affect a student's experience, where teachers and influential groups may assign labels that the entire school adopts. Such labels can impact a student's self-image and behavior within the educational setting.