Final answer:
Executive functions involve cognitive processes like memory, inhibition, and flexibility, but not vocabulary. These functions are managed by the prefrontal cortex and are crucial for goal-directed behavior. The correct option is A.
Step-by-step explanation:
Executive functions are cognitive processes carried out by the prefrontal cortex, crucial for directing goal-directed behavior. These functions integrate sensory perceptions with higher cognitive functions like memories, learning, and emotion to generate responses. Among the essential abilities combined by executive function, vocabulary is not included. Instead, executive function involves memory, inhibition, and flexibility.
Language and speech play a critical role in many aspects of executive function, given they are part of cognitive processing related to praxis and gnosis. However, executive functions are more about the use of language rather than vocabulary accumulation. While generating words or recognizing associations between words and objects is related to language, the core executive functions focus on goal-directed responses and behaviors.
The prefrontal cortex facilitates the organization of information and directs behaviors and thoughts in a goal-oriented manner. Tests such as set generation emphasize a person's ability to organize and retrieve information. A particular aspect of this executive function is the inhibition of distracting thoughts to maintain focus on a goal, which is different from simply knowing a large number of words, or having a rich vocabulary.