Final answer:
An absolute cell reference is a permanent reference to a cell that does not change in relation to the location of the formula.
Step-by-step explanation:
In science, particularly in the study of chemistry and physics, a permanent reference to a cell is called an absolute cell reference.
An absolute cell reference contains two dollar signs ($). The dollar signs in the reference indicate that the reference should not change when copied to other cells. This is useful when you want to keep a specific cell constant in a formula that you're copying to other cells.
For example, if you have a formula that calculates the total cost of an item based on the quantity and price in cells A1 and B1, you can use an absolute cell reference to keep the price constant while copying the formula to other cells. The formula would look like this: =A1*$B$1.