Final answer:
A glycocalyx is the layer of polysaccharides outside the cell wall that aids in protection and attachment, present as either capsules or slime layers. It helps bacteria adhere to surfaces and is crucial for biofilm formation, offering protection to the microorganisms within.
Step-by-step explanation:
A layer of polysaccharides outside of the cell wall that aids in protection and attachment is called a glycocalyx. This structure can be present in the form of either capsules or slime layers, depending on how tightly it is bound to the cell. Capsules are well-organized layers composed of polysaccharides or proteins, tightly associated with the cell wall, and offer significant protection. On the other hand, slime layers are less structured and only loosely attached to the cell wall, making them more easily washable. The presence of a glycocalyx enhances a bacterial cell's ability to adhere to surfaces, which is essential for biofilm formation, a community of microorganisms living within a self-produced matrix of polysaccharides and proteins on surfaces. These biofilms confer advantages such as protection from predation, desiccation, and antibiotics, which can be particularly challenging in clinical settings.