Final Answer:
Environmental factors significantly impacted early river civilizations in Sumer and the Indus River Valley. In Sumer, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers often flooded, necessitating the development of complex irrigation systems for agriculture. In the Indus River Valley, unpredictable river behavior and changing course influenced settlement patterns and urban planning, highlighting the crucial role of environmental adaptation in shaping these ancient societies.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sumer:
Flooding: The Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Sumer experienced irregular and sometimes destructive floods. This necessitated the construction of intricate irrigation systems, such as canals and levees, to control water flow and ensure consistent agricultural productivity.
Agriculture: The fertile soil resulting from the periodic flooding supported agriculture, contributing to the growth of Sumerian city-states. However, the need for effective water management influenced social and political structures as control over water became a key aspect of power.
Indus River Valley:
Unpredictable River Behavior: The Indus River's unpredictable behavior, including changes in course, influenced settlement patterns. Cities like Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were strategically located to manage the challenges posed by the river's dynamics.
Urban Planning: Cities in the Indus Valley displayed advanced urban planning, featuring sophisticated drainage systems to cope with flooding and waste disposal. The environmental context played a crucial role in shaping the layout and architecture of these ancient cities.
In summary, both Sumer and the Indus River Valley civilizations adapted to environmental challenges, demonstrating the interconnectedness between human societies and their natural surroundings in the early stages of civilization.