Final answer:
Token economy is the behavioral technique described, which uses token reinforcers as part of operant conditioning to encourage desirable behaviors. These tokens can be exchanged for rewards and are effective in behavior modification in various settings, including schools and mental health facilities.
Step-by-step explanation:
The behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with an item, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges, is referred to as a token economy. This approach is built around the use of these token reinforcers, which are essentially secondary reinforcers, in entire behavior management systems. Token economies are utilized in various environments, including schools, prisons, and mental health institutions, and have proven very effective at modifying behavior.
The use of token economies is an application of the principles of operant conditioning, where the desirable behavior is followed by a specific reinforcement to strengthen that behavior. An example of this can be seen in classrooms where students may receive tokens for raising their hands or completing homework, which can then be traded for a reward.
To ensure the effectiveness of a token economy in behavior modification, the reinforcement provided must be meaningful and consistent, and closely connected with the behavior being encouraged. These principles are key in shaping desired behaviors in both children and adults, and they can significantly improve social behaviors, academic achievements, and the overall learning environment.