Final answer:
Historically, deviant behavior has been explained by various sociological theories. Social disorganization theory points to social factors like poverty, while conflict theory emphasizes inequalities. Sutherland and Hirschi's theories propose that deviant behavior is learned from others or due to weak social bonds, respectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
Historical Perspectives on the Causes of Deviant Behavior .
Research into the causes of deviant behavior has been influenced by various sociological theories over time. Social disorganization theory attributes the cause of deviance to broad social factors, pointing out that individuals become deviant due to influences in their social environment such as poverty and family disruption. This theory, supported by research from Robert Sampson and Byron Groves, indicates a strong correlation between social disorganization and high rates of crime and delinquency. Moreover, conflict theory, influenced by Karl Marx, contends that social and economic factors are the causes of crime and deviance, highlighting the role of inequality in the system. Additionally, Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory proposes that deviant behavior is learned through close associations with others who model and provide opportunities for such behavior.
Finally, Travis Hirschi's control theory suggests that deviance stems from a lack of social bonds and a feeling of disconnection from society. He identified four types of social bonds that tie individuals to society: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. All these theories offer different lenses through which one can understand the historical perspectives on the drivers of deviant behavior.