Final answer:
In shock, patients may demonstrate activation of the sympathetic nervous system, decreased kidney perfusion leading to oliguria, and increased susceptibility to clot formation. The gastrointestinal tract receives decreased blood flow, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated to maintain blood pressure and volume.
Step-by-step explanation:
Patients suffering from shock often exhibit several physiological changes. Some of the notable observations include:
- Activation of the sympathetic nervous system which results in an increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and redirection of blood to vital organs.
- Decreased kidney perfusion leading to oliguria (reduced urine output). This occurs due to the constriction of afferent arterioles in the kidneys in response to activated sympathetic nervous activity.
- The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) gets activated, not inhibited, due to decreased blood pressure. Renin is released from the kidneys (not the liver), leading to increased production of angiotensin II, which causes vasoconstriction, and aldosterone, which prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium, contributing to the maintenance of blood volume and blood pressure.
- Increased susceptibility to clot formation due to altered blood flow and potential endothelial damage.
- The gastrointestinal tract has decreased blood flow, contrary to increasing, as the body attempts to redirect blood to more critical organs.
The correct observations that may be seen in a patient suffering from shock based on the options provided would therefore be activation of the sympathetic nervous system, increased susceptibility to clot formation, and decreased kidney perfusion leading to oliguria.