Final answer:
The correct option is b) no. Haptens cannot induce an immune response without attaching to a larger carrier molecule to form a conjugate antigen, which is then recognized by the immune system, leading to allergic responses as seen with poison ivy and penicillin.
Step-by-step explanation:
Can haptens induce an immune response without a carrier? The answer is no. Haptens are small molecules that, while capable of binding to antibodies, are not immunogenic by themselves. To induce an immune response, haptens must first attach to a larger carrier molecule, typically a protein. This combination forms a conjugate antigen that can then be recognized by the immune system, leading to the production of hapten-specific antibodies. These antibodies can later interact with free haptens. It is important to note that haptens are responsible for certain allergic responses, such as those caused by exposure to poison ivy (urushiol) or allergic reactions to penicillin.