Final answer:
A polysaccharide antigen is made into a T cell activator by forming immuno-stimulating complexes that mimic natural microorganisms and are recognized by T cells, or by using adjuvants to enhance the immune response.
Step-by-step explanation:
To transform a polysaccharide antigen into a T cell activator for vaccine development, it must be able to stimulate T cells despite being a T cell-independent antigen. As naturally, polysaccharides can activate B cells without T cell help due to their repetitive structure. By creating immuno-stimulating complexes, which are cage-like structures containing the antigen in combination with plant glycoside saponin, cholesterol, and phosphatidyl choline, a mimicry of natural microorganisms is achieved. This structure can be recognized by T cells, leading to a more effective immune response similar to one elicited by a viral vector.
Additionally, using adjuvants which are substances that boost the immune response, can stimulate greater antibody production. An adjuvant is often mixed with the antigen prior to injection, helping to provoke a generalized activation of the immune system. The goal is to include elements in the vaccine formulation that ensure the presentation of the antigen by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to helper T cells, thus bridging the gap typically seen with polysaccharide antigens.