Final answer:
Belshazzar, the Chaldean king, witnessed the writing of judgment on his palace wall, an event that signaled the imminent demise of the Babylonian Empire and his own rule. The empire was soon after conquered by Cyrus II of Persia.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Chaldean king who saw fingers writing judgment on his palace wall was Belshazzar. This event is described in the biblical Book of Daniel, where a mysterious hand appears and writes on the wall during Belshazzar's feast, foretelling the end of the Babylonian Empire. The writing on the wall, 'Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin', was interpreted by Daniel to mean that God had judged Belshazzar's reign and had found it wanting. Soon after, the city of Babylon was indeed conquered, marking the end of Belshazzar's rule and the beginning of Persian control under Cyrus II, who defeated the Neo-Babylonians.