Final answer:
In 1656, rabbis excommunicated philosopher Spinoza in Amsterdam, due to his radical views that contradicted the religious norms of the time.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Dutch city where rabbis excommunicated the philosopher Spinoza in 1656 is Amsterdam. Baruch Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher of Sephardi Portuguese origin, and his challenging ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and his controversial views on the nature of God led to his excommunication from the Jewish community of Amsterdam. His works went on to lay the groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism.