Final answer:
Effortful encoding pertains to complex or novel information that requires conscious effort and attention to encode, such as studying for a test or learning a new language. It is a part of the memory's encoding function, crucial for creating long-term declarative and episodic memories.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct option for the type of information usually involved with Effortful encoding is C) Effortful encoding is related to complex or novel information. Unlike automatic processing, which is the encoding of everyday experiences and details requiring little to no conscious effort, effortful processing pertains to deliberate, conscious attention to encoding information. Examples of such information include learning the material for a test, memorizing a speech, or mastering a new skill. It requires significant cognitive resources, often including techniques such as elaborative rehearsal and the establishment of engrams within the brain through repeated practice and study.
Effortful encoding is part of the broader concept known as encoding, which is the first function of memory, followed by storage and retrieval. Complex and novel information that we encounter in our day-to-day lives, such as academic content or learning a new language, typically requires us to engage in active organization and integration of new information with what we already know. This type of encoding is crucial for the creation of declarative memory, especially for episodic memory, which is the type of memory that involves our personal experiences.