Final answer:
Monotheism is the belief in one deity, while polytheism involves multiple deities. The Sumerians practiced polytheism, attributing human characteristics to their many gods, each associated with natural phenomena. Temples and priests were central to appeasing these powerful deities, who were thought to control fate and demand steadfast worship.
Step-by-step explanation:
Explain the Difference Between Monotheism and Polytheism
Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one single deity or God, whereas polytheism is the worship of or belief in multiple deities. The Sumerians, who are one of the earliest known civilizations, were polytheists and believed that each city-state had a patron god who would protect and guide the citizens. These gods were often associated with natural elements and forces, and the Sumerians attributed human characteristics and emotions to them, a concept known as anthropomorphism.
Beliefs and Powers of the Sumerian Gods
The Sumerians believed their gods had immense powers over natural phenomena and human affairs. For instance, Enlil was the god of wind and rain, Inanna was the goddess of fertility, and Utu was the sun god. They were honored with large temples and ziggurats, where religious rituals were conducted. The priesthood played a vital role in society, claiming they could appease the gods to prevent disasters. The divine beings were seen as overlords of human destiny, demanding worship and service from their followers.
The Role of Temples and Priests in Sumerian Society
Each Sumerian city-state had a temple dedicated to its patron deity, and the temples served as centers of political power and religious practice. Priests were not only religious figures but also influential in governing the city-states. They were considered intermediaries between the gods and the people and were responsible for performing rituals to soothe the gods and secure their mercy, as the Sumerians believed the gods could be cruel and temperamental.