Final answer:
The Reformation and the Renaissance are the two major developments that occurred in Europe around 1300, leading to the emergence of new cultural, artistic, and religious ideals and setting the stage for European colonial expansion.
Step-by-step explanation:
The major developments that occurred in Europe beginning around 1300 were the Reformation and the Renaissance. The Renaissance marked a period of cultural and intellectual rebirth starting in the 15th century, emerging from the dark ages with a flourishing of arts, architecture, and innovative ideas. This cultural revolution led to a shift from medieval values to humanistic learning. The Reformation, on the other hand, began in the 16th century and was a movement against the Catholic Church that led to the birth of Protestantism, greatly altering the religious landscape of Europe.
Colonialism became a significant aspect following these periods, as European nations expanded their influence across the world. In 1492, Christopher Columbus's voyage symbolized the start of European expansion into the Americas. Exploration and trade, particularly along the Silk Road, helped fuel economic growth and broadened connections between continents.
Ultimately, these periods of exploration, artistic achievement, and religious change laid the groundwork for future shifts including the Industrial Revolution and the various colonial empires that would come to shape the modern world.