Final answer:
Nephrons in the kidney reabsorb nearly 100% of glucose, but only about 99% of the filtrate volume. Glucose may be present in urine if the glucose transporters' Tm is surpassed, indicating conditions like diabetes mellitus.
Step-by-step explanation:
Nephrons in the kidney reabsorb almost 100 percent of glucose from the filtrate during the process of tubular reabsorption. However, if blood glucose levels are exceptionally high, surpassing the renal threshold and the transport maximum (Tm) of the kidney's glucose transporters, glucose may appear in the urine, a condition known as glycosuria. This occurs when the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption, which is about 375 mg/min in males and 300 mg/min in females, is exceeded.
This situation commonly points to type I or II diabetes mellitus. While nephrons are adept at reabsorbing components like glucose and other nutrients, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determines how much filtrate is produced, and approximately 99 percent of the filtrate volume is reabsorbed, leaving only about 1 to 2 liters of urine to be excreted per day.