Final answer:
According to the McNickles article, all of the above, namely education, healthcare, and the criminal justice system, have significant racial disparities. These disparities are rooted in the quality of care, access to opportunities, and systemic discrimination affecting minority groups.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to the McNickles article, all of the above institutions still have significant racial disparities. These disparities encompass a wide range of sectors including education, healthcare, and the criminal justice system.
In the context of healthcare, racial, ethnic, and gender groups in the United States face disparities in health outcomes. African Americans, for example, suffer greater morbidity and mortality rates from chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease compared to White Americans. In healthcare, these disparities manifest as poorer quality of care and less access to care for minority groups.
Education also presents troubling gaps in equality; students from varying socioeconomic backgrounds do not receive the same opportunities which contributes to long-term inequalities. Similarly, the criminal justice system exhibits racial and gender disparities in incarceration rates, which cannot solely be attributed to differential offending but are compounded by systemic discrimination.